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How To Flashing sict fusion

the year is 1858. the city is london. an oppressiveheat wave is scorching the city’s two-and-a-half million residents, and the thames river, wherefor centuries londoners have disposed of their waste, begins to stink. bad, like really bad. water levels drop as raw sewage bakes in thesun, casting a fetid smell so powerful that it’s said to strike men down. it would go down in history as the big stink,all three of those words capitalized. and as unpleasant as it was, it’s rememberedtoday as a tipping point of sorts that eventually ushered in the age of modern sewage treatment. humans have always peed and pooped, of course.but where it goes after we’ve done our business

has changed a lot, especially in the last160 years. point of fact: the water you just drank maywell have been a part of someone’s urine just weeks ago! tasty. [intro] as a result of the great stink, london endedup building more than 20,000 kilometers of underground sewers to channel human wastedownstream where it could be could be released but still untreated. and it turns out that just diluting and dispersingsewage and hoping for the best isn’t great public health policy. i mean, the greeks andromans were doing the same thing 2,000 years

earlier, not exactly progress. over time it became clear that human wastenot only had to be disposed of, but it also had to be rid of the pollutants that are harmfulto humans and the environment. but what makes poop and pee so dangerous inthe first place? i mean, the stuff comes from your body, so if it doesn’t make you sickwhen it’s in there, why is there a problem? well, we’re learning a lot these days aboutthe human microbiome -- the wonderful habitat that your body provides for literally trillionsof microorganisms -- and it includes your waste-making parts. like, there’s growing evidence that yoururine isn’t actually sterile, though for

a long time we thought it was. and your intestinesare populated with huge bacterial colonies that you actually need in there to help digestyour food and fend off some infections. unfortunately, we’re not all healthy 100percent of the time, and the viruses and bacteria that make us sick are found in our poop. so,human waste can contain all kinds of pathogens, like salmonella and e. coli, and the microorganismsthat cause cholera, typhoid, and hepatitis. then you got parasites like hookworms andand protozoa like giardia -- which campers may be familiar with after drinking improperlyfiltered water. and it’s more than just a problem for humans.wastewater also contains lots of nitrogen and phosphates that can harm wildlife andwater quality if released into the environment.

so, while a lot of us take it for granted,dealing with these challenges is harder than you might think. lack of access to clean water and flushingtoilets is is serious public health problem in many developing countries, so the treatmentprocesses that most of us use aren’t available to well over a billion people. the wastewater journey usually takes one oftwo directions. it either heads by way of a pipe to your town’s local sewer, or intoa septic tank right there by your own home. even though many of us live in big cities,backyard septic systems are actually very common. as many as 25 percent of people innorth america depend on them to process their

waste and distribute it back into the ground. scientists learned long ago that the anaerobicdigestion of sewage by microorganisms could be extremely effective in breaking down humanwaste and eliminating pathogens. the word “septic” actually comes from the latinword for the bacterial action that you know as rotting. all of the stuff that goes down your toilet-- which wastewater-management types call black water -- and all of the stuff that goesdown the drain in your sink and shower, or gray water, flows into that tank, which usuallyholds about 4,000 liters of liquid. then, in the span of about two days, naturally-occurringanaerobic bacteria get to work, reducing solids

in the wastewater into liquids and a kindof greasy, fatty residue. the insoluble particles will sink to the bottomand form sludge while the fats form a layer at the top of the tank.and yes i realize i’m probably ruining your day at this point.but within 48 hours, the bacteria will break down the wastewater in a septic tank by about40 percent. and they stay in the water when it flows out of the tank and into an undergrounddrainage field. here, the bacteria continue to do their thingwhile the soil acts as a biological filter of sorts, keeping any harmful organic materialfrom reaching the groundwater supply. the soil contains oxygen which allows aerobicbacteria to enter the mix, and it also takes

up some of the phosphorus and forms of nitrogenlike ammonium, which plant life really enjoys. so, yep, if you’re off the sewer grid, allof that is going on in your backyard at this very moment.kinda makes you not to walk around in your bare feet any more, doesn’t it?but for those of you connected to a sewer system, what kind of magical journey awaitsyour waste? and because i know some of you are curious,what happens to the stuff that you flush down your toilet that isn’t your own excreta?well, before it flows into your local treatment plant, wastewater goes through a screen ofmetal rods that catches all the big stuff -- sticks and clothing and small animals andother weird non-crap that finds its way into

the sewers -- so that none of that gets intothe moving parts of the facility. from there it’s on to the settling tank,aka the grit chamber, which is where solids like sand and gravel that have been pickedup along the way, settle to the bottom. it’s also at one of these two early treatmentstations where other flushables are removed. and there are literally tons of this stuff.according to one estimate, as much as 50% of so-called non-dispersable material in wastewateris paper towels from public restrooms. another 25 % is nothing but baby wipes! and the remaining25% is a mixture of condom and cosmetic wipes and tampon applicators and random things thattoddlers probably got their hands on. the process for removing them varies dependingon the system, but usually involves another

mechanical screen or a skimmer.the real treatment begins at the next stage, called the primary clarifier. this circularbasin slows down the sewage so that the heavier organic solids fall to the bottom.those solids at the bottom will be removed and transferred to a digester, sludge pressor drying bed, which we’ll get to, i promise. but back to the primary clarifier, most facilitiesalso use a skimmer here to remove fats and oils and grease that float to the top. thesesubstances, most of which come from cooking materials or road runoff, will also oftenbe diverted to the digester. the largest change in the science of wastewatertreatment over the last few decades is that the process used to stop right here. peoplewere like “hey, okay, we got the sludge

out, the water is good to go back into therivers.” except it’s not. as we discussed earlier,the wastewater is still full of potentially dangerous pathogens, which is why we now havewhat’s called secondary treatment. wastewater from the clarifier flows to anaeration basin, where air is added to foster an efficient environment for microorganismsthat, unlike those used in most septic systems, consume both organic matter and oxygen.at this point, the water is known as activated sludge, and it looks like dark mud. it’srich with active bacteria and protozoans that go to town on the oxygen-rich water.from there, the water heads to a secondary clarifier and yet another sedimentation basin.it’s one last time for any leftover heavy

stuff to fall to the bottom, where it’spumped to the digester. and while its name is kind of gross in thiscontext, the digester does pretty much what it sounds like. it eats your poop.inside, it has an anaerobic environment similar to a septic tank, where bacteria can breakdown sludge, reducing the volume, the odors, and most importantly disease-causing organisms.some facilities use drying beds for this step, but either way, the material left over fromthis process is called biosolids, or treated sewage sludge.it wasn’t so long ago that we took these biosolids and tossed them into a landfillonce they went through treatment. but today, this leftover, dry sludge is oftenused as fertilizer for agriculture or used

to make compost mixtures that are sold commercially.so, again, yes! you may have used the very diluted byproduct of human poop to grow theveggies in your garden. we here at scishow love recycling!but after those solids are taken care of, we still have a bunch of wastewater left over.now it needs to be disinfected before being released into the wild, also known as ourdrinking supply. there are lots of ways to do this.some facilities use chlorine to kill any harmful bacteria still left in the water. chlorinecan be introduced as a gas or a salt. either way, it reacts with the water to form hypochlorousacid, which ultimately breaks down bacteria’s cell membranes and kills them.and chlorine is really effective, but if you

live in a town that uses it, you know thatit does not taste good, at all. chlorine also can be dangerous for organismsin the rivers and streams that receive the wastewater, which why some places now dechlorinatewater after chlorinating it. this is done using sulfur dioxide gas, which quickly turnschlorine compounds into chloride ions, which makes the water less toxic.a more expensive but less chlorine-y method involves using ultraviolet light, which effectivelysterilizes microorganisms, changing their genetic composition enough that they can nolonger reproduce. some newer wastewater treatment plants noweven go an extra step with what’s called tertiary treatment. it can be a physical process,where water is run through sand filters to

reduce any remaining solids; or it can donebiologically -- some places divert the water to natural wetlands, where plants remove excessnutrients. but this is the end of the line. no matterwhat the disinfectant process, the effluent will be released, usually into a nearby riveror creek -- ready for you to possibly drink again someday. your pee and poop has come full circle. thanks for watching this scishow infusion-- especially to our subbable subscribers. to learn how you can support us in exploringthe world, just go to subbable.com/scishow. and as always, don’t forget to go to youtube.com/scishowand subscribe!