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hi there, i’m john green, this is crashcourse: world history, and today we’re gonna talk about the silk road, so calledbecause it was not a road and not made of silk. so this is a t-shirt. it was designed in belgiumand contains cotton from both brazil and the texas, which was turned into cloth in china,stitched in haiti, screen-printed in the washington, sold to me in indiana, and now that i am toofat to wear it, it will soon make its way to cameroon or honduras or possibly even backto haiti. can we just pause for a moment to considerthe astonishing fact that most t-shirts see more of the world than most of us do— mr. green mr. green the t-shirt can’t seethe world because they don’t have eyes—

look, me from the past, it’s difficult forme to isolate what i hate most about you because there is so much to hate. but very near the top is your relentless talentfor ignoring everything that is interesting and beautiful about our species in favor ofpedantic sniveling in which no one loses or gains anything of value. i’m gonna go put on a collared shirt becausewe’re here to tackle the big picture. [theme music] so the silk road didn’t begin trade, butit did radically expand its scope, and the connections that were formed by mostly unknownmerchants arguably changed the world more

than any political or religious leaders. it was especially cool if you were rich, becauseyou finally had something to spend your money on other than temples. but even if you weren’trich, the silk road reshaped the lives of everyone living in africa and eurasia, as we willsee today. let’s go straight to the thought bubble. as previously mentioned, the silk road wasnot a road. it’s not like archaeologists working in uzbekistan have uncovered a bunchof yield signs and baby on board stickers. it was an overland route where merchants carriedgoods for trade. but it was really two routes: one that connectedthe eastern mediterranean to central asia and one that went from central asia to china.

further complicating things, the silk roadinvolved sea routes: many goods reached rome via the mediterranean, and goods from central asia found their wayacross the pacific to japan and even java. so we shouldn’t think of the silk road asa road but rather as a network of trade routes. but just as now, the goods traveled more thanthe people who traded them: very few traders traversed the entire silk road: instead, they’dmove back and forth between towns, selling to traders who’d take the goods furthertoward their destination, with everybody marking up prices along the way. so what’d they trade? well silk, for starters.for millennia, silk was only produced in china.

it is spun from the cocoons of mulberry tree-eatingworms and the process of silk making as well as the techniques for raising the worms wereclosely guarded secrets, since the lion’s share of china’s wealth came from silk production. the chinese used silk as fishing line, tobuy off nomadic raiders to keep things peaceful, and to write before they invented paper. but as an export, silk was mostly used forclothes: silk clothing feels light in the summer and warm in the winter, and until weinvented $700 pre-distressed designer jeans, decking yourself out in silk was the #1 wayto show people that you were wealthy. thanks, thought bubble. but the silk roadwasn’t all about silk.

the mediterranean exported such cliched goodsas olives, olive oil, wine, and mustachioed plumbers. china also exported raw materials likejade, silver, and iron. india exported fine cotton textiles; the ivory that originatedin east africa made its way across the silk road; and arabia exported incense and spices andtortoise shells. oh, god, it’s a red one, isn’t it? it’s just gonna chase me, ijust--- ow. up until now on crash course we’ve beenfocused on city-dwelling civilizational types, but with the growth of the silk road, thenomadic people of central asia suddenly become much more important to world history. most of central asia isn’t great for agriculture,but it’s difficult to conquer, unless you

are, wait for it -- the mongols. it also lends itself fairly well to herding,and since nomads are definitionally good at moving around, they’re also good at moving stuff frompoint a to point b, which makes them good traders. plus all their travel made them more resistantto diseases. one group of such nomads, the yuezhi, werehumiliated in battle in the 2nd century bce by their bitter rivals the xiongnu, who turnedthe yuezhi king’s skull into a drinking cup, in fact. and in the wake of that the yuezhi migratedto bactria and started the kushan empire in what is now afghanistan and pakistan. although silk road trading began more thana century before the birth of jesus, it really took

off in the second and third centuries ce, and the kushanempire became a huge hub for that silk road trade. by then, nomads were being eclipsed by professionalmerchants who travelled the silk roads, often making huge profits, but those cities that had beenfounded by nomadic peoples became hugely important. they continued to grow, because most of thetrade on the silk road was by caravan, and those caravans had to stop frequently, youknow, for like food and water and prostitutes. these towns became fantastically wealthy:one, palmyra, was particularly important because all of the incense and silk that travelledto rome had to go through palmyra. silk was so popular among the roman elitethat the roman senate repeatedly tried to ban it, complaining about trade imbalances caused by thesilk trade and also that silk was inadequately modest.

to quote seneca the younger, “i see clothes of silk,if materials that do not hide the body, nor even one's decency, can be called clothes,” he also said of the woman who wears silk,“her husband has no more acquaintance than any outsider or foreigner with his wife'sbody." and yet all attempts to ban silk failed,which speaks to how much, even in the ancient world, wealth shaped governance. and with trade, there was a way to becomewealthy without being a king or lord who takes part of what your citizens produce. the merchant class that grew along with thesilk road came to have a lot of political

clout, and in some ways that began the tension that westill see today between wealth and politics. whether it’s, you know, corporations making large donationsor vladimir putin periodically jailing billionaires. mr. putin, i just want to state for the record that i didnot mean that in any way, i was -- stan wrote that joke. oh, it’s time for the open letter. an open letter to billionaires: but first, let’s see what’s in the secretcompartment today. oh, it’s some fake silk; the stuff that put real silk out of business. dear billionaires, i’ve wrapped myself in the finest ofpolyester so that you will take my message seriously. here at crash course we’ve done a lot ofresearch into our demographics and our show

is watched primarily by grammar nazis, mugglequidditch players, people who have a test tomorrow, and billionaires. i have a message for you billionaires: itwill never be enough. you’re relentless yearning is going to kill us all. best wishes,john green speaking of billionaires, the goods that travelledon the silk road really only changed the lives of rich people. did the silk road affect therest of us? yes, for three reasons. first, wider economic impact. relatively fewpeople could afford silk, but a lot of people devoted their lives to making that silk.

and as the market for silk grew, more andmore people chose to go into silk production rather than doing something else with theirlives. second, the silk road didn’t just tradeluxury goods. in fact, arguably the most important thing traded along the silk road: ideas. for example, the silk road was the primaryroute for the spread of buddhism.when we last saw the buddha’s eight-fold path to escapingthe cycle of suffering and desire that's inherent to humans, it was beginning to dwindle inindia. but through contacts with other cultures andtraditions, buddhism grew and flourished and became one of the great religious traditionsof the world.

the variation of buddhism that took root inchina, korea, japan, and central asia is known as mahayana buddhism, and it differed fromthe original teachings of the buddha in many ways, but one that was fundamental. for mahayanabuddhists, the buddha was divine. (i mean, we can—and religious historians do—fightover the exact definition of divine, but in mahayanna buddhism, there’s no questionthat the buddha is venerated to a greater degree. the idea of nirvana also transformed froma release from that cycle of suffering and desire to something much more heavenly andfrankly more fun, and in some versions of mahayana buddhism, there are lots of differentheavens, each more awesome than the last. rather than focusing on the fundamental factof suffering, mahayana buddhism offered the

hope that through worship of the buddha, orone of the many bodhisattvas – holy people who could have achieved nirvana but choseto hang out on earth with us because they’re super nice– one could attain a good afterlife. many merchants on the silk road became strongsupporters of monasteries which in turn became convenient weigh stations for caravans. and by endowing the monasteries, rich merchantswere buying a form of supernatural insurance; monks who lived in the monasteries would prayfor the success of trade missions and the health of their patrons. it was win-win, especiallywhen you consider that one of the central materials used in mahayana buddhist ritualsis … silk.

and a third reason the silk road changed allour lives, worldwide interconnectedness of populations led to the spread of disease. measles and smallpox traveled along it, asdid bubonic plague, which came from the east to the west in 534, 750, and—most devastatingly—in1346. this last plague—known as the black death—resultedin the largest population decimation in human history, with nearly half of europeans dyingin a four-year period. a sizable majority of people living in italydied as did two-thirds of londoners. and it quite possibly wouldn’t have happenedwithout the silk road. if you were living in london during the fourteenth century, youprobably didn’t blame the silk road for

your community’s devastation, but it playeda role. if you look at it that way, the interconnectednessfostered by silk road affected way, way more people than just those rich enough to buysilk, just as today’s globalization offers both promise and threat to each of us. next week we’ll talk about julius caesarand in what situation, if any, it’s okay to stab your friend in the gut. until then,thanks for watching. crash course is produced and directed by stanmuller, our script supervisor is danica johnson. our graphics team is thought bubble and theshow is written by my high school history teacher raoul meyer and myself.

last week's phrase of the week was "kim kardashian".if you didn't like it, suggest better phrases of the week in comments. every week i takeone of your suggestions and find a way to squeeze it into the new episode. if you liked today's episode of crash course,please click the "like" button and consider sharing the show with your friends. you can also follow us on twitter @thecrashcourseor on facebook, links below. raoul also has a twitter where he tweets crashcourse pop quizzes. as do i. all of those links can be found below. also, the beloved and not fictitious, stan,has agreed to start tweeting. so that's exciting!

thanks for watching, and as we say in my hometown,don’t forget to be awesome. oh, hey. remember that mongols shirt fromthe beginning of the episode? in addition to being a joke, it's a shirt! so many of you requested mongols shirts thatwe are giving them to you! they are now available forpre-order at dftba.com, link in the video info below, so you can show your love forcrash course or mongols or exceptions.