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How To Flashing lyf flame 2

i will tell you in five lectures the chemicalhistory of a candle. there is not a law under which any part of the universe is governedwhich does not come into play, and is touched upon in the chemistry of a candle. there isno better, there is no more open door by which you can enter into the study of science, thanby considering the physical phenomena of a candle. i trust, therefore, i shall not disappointyou in choosing this for my subject rather than any newer topic, which could not be better,were it even so good. so, now, as to the light of the candle. notice that when the flameruns down the wick to the wax, it gets extinguished, but it goes on burning in the part above.now, i have no doubt you will ask, how is it that the wax, which will not burn of itself,gets up to the top of the wick, where it will

burn? we shall presently examine that; butthere is a much more wonderful thing about the burning of a candle than this. you havehere a solid substance—the fuel—with no vessel to contain it; and how is it that thiscan get up to the place where the flame is? how is it that this solid gets there, it notbeing a fluid? or, when it is made a fluid, then how is it that it keeps together? thisis a wonderful thing about a candle. you see that a beautiful cup is formed. as the aircomes to the candle it moves upwards by the force of current which the heat of the candleproduces, and it so cools all the sides of the wax, as to keep the edge much cooler thanthe part within; the part within melts by the flame that runs down the wick as far asit can go before it is extinguished, but the

part on the outside does not melt. the sameforce of gravity which holds worlds together holds this fluid in a horizontal position,and if the cup be not horizontal, of course the fluid will run away in guttering. yousee, therefore, that the cup is formed by this beautifully regular ascending currentof air playing upon all sides, which keeps the exterior of the candle cool. no fuel wouldserve for a candle which has not the property of giving this cup. these beautiful candleswhich are irregular and intermittent in their shape cannot have that nicely-formed edgeto the cup which is the great beauty in a candle. i hope you will now see that the perfectionof a process—that is, its utility—is the better point of beauty about it. it is notthe best looking thing, but the best acting

thing, which is the most advantageous to us.these good-looking candles are bad-burning ones. there is guttering because of the irregularityof the stream of air and the badness of the cup which is formed thereby. you may see somepretty examples (and i trust you will notice these instances) of the action of the ascendingcurrent when you have a little gutter running down the side of a candle, making it thickerthere than it is elsewhere. as the candle goes on burning, that keeps its place andforms a little pillar sticking up by the side, because, as it rises above the rest of thefuel or wax, the air gets better round it, and it is more cooled and better able to resistthe action of the heat at a little distance. now, the great mistakes and faults with regardto candles, as in many other things, often

brings with them instruction which we shouldnot receive if they had not occurred. we come here to be scientists; and i hope you willalways remember that whenever a result happens, especially if it be new, you should say, “whatis the cause? why does it occur?” and you will in the course of time find out the reason.then, there is another point about these candles which will answer a question; that is, asto the way in which this fluid gets out of the cup, up the wick, and into the place ofcombustion. you see that the flames on these burning wicks do not run down to the wax andmelt it all away, but keep to their own right place. they are fenced off from the fluidbelow, and do not encroach on the cup at the sides. i cannot imagine a more beautiful examplethan the condition of adjustment under which

a candle makes one part subserve to the otherto the very end of its action. a combustible thing like that, burning away gradually, neverbeing intruded upon by the flame, is a very beautiful sight; especially when you cometo learn what a vigorous thing flame is—what power it has of destroying the wax itselfwhen it gets hold of it, and of disturbing its proper form if it comes only too near.but how does the flame get hold of the fuel? capillary action conveys the fuel to the partwhere combustion goes on, and it is deposited there, not in a careless way, but very beautifullyin the very midst of the center of action which takes place around it. now, i am goingto give you two instances of capillary action. it is that kind of action or attraction whichmakes two things that do not dissolve in each

other still hold together. when you wash yourhands, you take a towel to wipe off the water; and it is by that kind of wetting, or thatkind of attraction which makes the towel become wet with water, that the wick is made wetwith the wax. if you throw the towel over the side of the basin, before long it willdraw the water out of the basin like the wick draws the wax out of the candle. let me showyou another application of the same principle. you see this hollow glass tube filled withtable salt. i’ll fill the dish with some alcohol colored with red food coloring. you see the fluid rising through the salt. there being no pores in the glass, the fluid cannotgo in that direction, but must pass through

its length. already the fluid is at the topof the tube: now i can light it and make it serve as a candle. the fluid has risen by the capillary action of the salt, just as it does through the wick in the candle. now,the only reason why the candle does not burn all down the sides of the wick is that themelted wax extinguishes the flame. you know that a candle, if turned upside down, so asto allow the fuel to run upon the wick, will be put out. the reason is that the flame hasnot had time to make the fuel hot enough to burn, as it does above, where it is carriedin small quantities into the wick, and has all the effect of the heat exercised uponit. there is another condition which you must

learn as regards the candle, without whichyou would not be able fully to understand the science of it, and that is the vaporouscondition of the fuel. in order that you may understand that, let me show you a very prettyexperiment. if you blow a candle out carefully, you will see the vapor rise from it. you have,i know, often smelled the vapor of a blown-out candle—and a very bad smell it is; but ifyou blow it out lightly, you will be able to see pretty well the vapor into which thissolid matter is transformed. when i hold a lighted match two or three inches from thewick, you can observe a train of fire going through the air till it reaches the candle.i am obliged to be quick and ready, because, if i allow the vapor time to cool, it becomescondensed into a liquid or solid, or the stream

of combustible matter gets disturbed. now, to the shape or form of the flame. it concerns us much to know about the condition whichthe matter of the candle finally assumes at the top of the wick—where you have suchbeauty and brightness as nothing but combustion or flame can produce. you have the glitteringbeauty of gold and silver, and the still higher luster of jewels, like the ruby and diamond;but none of these rival the brilliancy and beauty of flame. what diamond can shine likeflame? it owes its luster at night-time to the very flame shining upon it. the flameshines in darkness, but the light which the diamond has is as nothing until the flameshines upon it, when it is brilliant again.

the candle alone shines by itself, and foritself, or for those who have arranged the materials. the flame is a bright oblong—brighterat the top than toward the bottom—with the wick in the middle, and besides the wick inthe middle, certain darker parts toward the bottom, where the ignition is not so perfectas in the part above. now, let me show you there is a matter rising about it which youdo not see. you can actually see streaming around the flame something which is not partof the flame, but is ascending and drawing the flame upwards. there is a current formed,which draws the flame out—for the flame which you see is really drawn out by the current,and drawn upward to a great height. how remarkable it is that the thing which is light enoughto produce shadows of other objects, can be

made to throw its own shadow. you observethe shadow of the candle and of the wick; then there is a darkish part and then a partwhich is more distinct. curiously enough, however, what we see in the shadow as thedarkest part of the flame is, in reality, the brightest part; and here you see streamingupward the ascending current of hot air, which draws out the flame, supplies it with air,and cools the sides of the cup of melted fuel. you know the flame goes up or down; accordingto the current. you see, then, that we have the power in this way of varying the flamein different directions. many of the flames you see here vary in their shape by the currentsof air blowing around them in different directions; but we can, if we like, make flames so thatthey look like fixtures, and we can photograph

them—indeed, we have to photograph them,so that they become fixed to us, if we wish to find out everything concerning them. ifi take a flame sufficiently large, it does not keep that homogeneous, that uniform conditionof shape, but it breaks out with a power of life which is quite wonderful. in what waydoes it differ from an ordinary candle? it differs very much in one respect: we havea vivacity and power about it, a beauty and a life entirely different from the light presentedby a candle. you see those fine tongues of flame rising up. you have the same generaldisposition of the mass of the flame from below upwards; but, in addition to that, youhave this remarkable breaking out into tongues which you do not perceive in the case of acandle. now, why is this? you have the air

creeping in over the edge of the dish formingthese tongues. why? because, through the force of the current and the irregularity of theaction of the flame, it cannot flow in one uniform stream. the air flows in so irregularlythat you have what would otherwise be a single image, broken up into a variety of forms,and each of these little tongues has an independent existence of its own. indeed, i might say,you have here a multitude of independent candles. you must not imagine, because you see thesetongues all at once, that the flame is of this particular shape. a flame of that shapeis never so at any one time. never is a body of flame, like that which you just saw risingfrom the ball, of the shape it appears to you. it consists of a multitude of differentshapes, succeeding each other so fast that

the eye is only able to take cognizance ofthem all at once. they do not occur all at once: it is only because we see these shapesin such rapid succession, that they seem to us to exist all at one time. we have thusfar spent our time considering the light of the candle, discussing how the fuel gets tothe wick and the form of the flame upon combustion. but we have more questions to ponder. fromwhere does the brightness come? and where does the candle eventually go? and in a largersense, how do the products of combustion lead us to a discussion of the atmosphere? andwhat is the relationship between combustion and respiration? i started this lecture byclaiming that there is no more open door by which to enter into the study of science thanby considering the physical phenomena of the

candle. over the next four lectures, i hopeto prove this to you.